Racism Of Chicago The 1950 S - 1737 Words

Racism in Chicago: The 1950’s to Today Today we live in a society where it is acceptable for a white and black family to be neighbors, even close friends. This situation has not always been the case. During the 1950’s, the time that the Younger family was living in Chicago, whites and blacks were living completely separate lives and a majority of the blacks were living in poverty. Although there are significant improvements we have made, there are still things that remain the same. Many African Americans in Chicago today are still living in poverty, just like they were over 50 years ago. Two important changes have occurred during these years. Our race relations between whites and blacks have improved tremendously. Today it is completely acceptable for two different colored families to be living next door to each other. The second significant change is not as positive. The homicide rates per 100,000 people have gone up by almost 10 times the amount it was in the 50â€⠄¢s. Many sociologist believe that the cycle of multigenerational poverty causes violence in the mostly black communities, therefore raising the homicide rates. Even though as a city we have improved our race relations there are still problems such as the rising homicide rates and percent of people living in poverty. Racism in Chicago during the 1950’s A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry accurately portrays what it was like for an African American family to be living in the Southside of Chicago in theShow MoreRelatedRacial Feelings Of Chicago, Illinois1643 Words   |  7 PagesRacial feelings in Chicago, Illinois are very similar today to how they were in the 1950s. The Younger family from Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun was the epitome of a lower class, black family during that time. They dealt with the hardships of never having enough money and losing family happiness due to their lack of wealth. Modern-day Chicago can easily be compared to Chicago from the mid 1900s because of the ever-growing amount of poor blacks and the poverty riven African-American neighborhoodsRead MoreThe Red Summer Of 19191038 Words   |  5 Pageskilled than the amount of people being killed in the Chicago race riots. Fighting was happening all over our country. We were killing one another because of the hatred towards racism. à ¢â‚¬Å"The Red Summer of 1919 refers to a series of race riots that took place between May and October of that year. Although riots occurred in more than thirty cities throughout the United States, the bloodiest events were in Chicago, Washington D.C. and Elaine, Ark.† (Retreived from the About Education website : http://afroamhistoryRead More Racism and the American Dream in Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun1340 Words   |  6 Pagesplay written by a black woman and directed by a black man, Lloyd Richards, on Broadway in New York. The story of A Raisin in the Sun is based on Lorraine Hansberry’s own early life experiences, from which she and her whole family had to suffer, in Chicago. Hansberry’s father, Carol Hansberry, also fought a legal battle against a racial restrictive covenant that attempted to stop African- American families from moving in to white neighborhoods. He also made the history by moving his family to the whiteRead MoreClybourne Park1002 Words   |  5 Pageswas and shows the racial tensions in the 1950’s and 1960’s up until present day. To create this, writer Bruce Norris created a play with only two acts. The first act is based in the late 1950’s and early 60’s right after the war. The second act is based in the same house fifty years apart in the year 2009. By doing this Bruce Norris shows how race is still an important factor in many people’s lives even though racism has supposedly been abolished. Racism is one of the key factors that play a majorRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Racism1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Sun In the play A Raisin in the Sun written by Lorraine Hansberry, a story about an African American family living in Chicago. The book illustrates what the daily problems of an average black family had to deal with while living in America in the 1950s and their struggle of overcoming obstacles to reach their â€Å"dream†. Hansberry use this novel to address topics such as racism, racial inequality, and racial discrimination. In 1954, many people during that time supported segregation. People perceivedRead MoreBluest Eye1268 Words   |  6 Pagesconsequences that come from racism. In 1950 America, racial discrimination was implied by different skin colors. The Bluest Eye shows ways in which white beauty standards hurt lives of black females, blacks that discriminate on each other and the community’s bias on who you were. Toni Morrison uses the racism of the 1950 s and shows that It is the blackness that accounts for, that creates, the vacuum edged with distaste in white ey es. Characters that faced uncomfortable racism include Claudia MacTeerRead MoreHogwarts Research Paper1201 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of Chicago. Heralded as the American Hogwarts. Acclaimed in the news for its Nobel Prize Laureates. Being a leading school in Math, Science, Business, Law, and among other fields. As a personal dream school of my own, the list of acclaimed innovators harking from UChicago seemed endless while I was doing research about the school. Yet, one name in the expansive list caught my eye, for obvious reasons. Jesse Ernest Wilkins, Junior. Recently deceased in May of 2011, Dr. Wilkins has possiblyRead MoreThe Major League Baseball ( Mlb )890 Words   |  4 Pageshas never happened more than once in any other city or metropolitan area. The latest was in 1989 when Oakland Athletics and the San Francisco Giants played each other. There are four other cities that have two baseball teams, Baltimore-Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles, and the San Francisco. We can also look at all the superstars that have played for New York; there have been quite a few. The three that are first in my opinion is for those years are Mickey Mantle, Yogi Berra, Willie Mays, and JoeRead MoreA Raisin in the Sun Essay580 Words   |  3 Pagesapartment in Chicago south side 1950s. the place is really crowded, especially with 5 people living in it. There’s only 2 rooms. Travis, Walter’s son sleeps in the living room on a small couch. The kitchen is so small. They have a small bathroom that they have to share with their neighbors.(pg.861)When Ruth finds out she’s pregnant right away she thinks of getting an abortion because she knows theres no place for the baby to sleep. in 1950’s in the south there was a lot of racism you can tell thatRead MoreA Raisin Of The Sun? S Portrayal Of Twentieth Century Racism2141 Words   |  9 Pages A Raisin in the Sun?s Portrayal of Twentieth Century Racism Compared to Racism Today Rebecca Duffy Period E Grade 11 Mr. Joseph Matte April 15, 2016 OUTLINE Thesis: Though the kind of inequality addressed in Hansberry?s A Raisin in the Sun, especially the separation in housing, everyday life, and violent attacks, have largely been eradicated, more verbal forms of racism exist today that differ from the racism in the Twentieth century that was reflected in the play. Introduction Time

What Makes You What You Are Free Essays

string(158) " question for evolutionists is why you would find variation persisting in populations, when selection always reduces diversity in favour of the optimal type\." Personality: What makes you the way you are? – Science News – The Independent At some point in your life, you’ve probably filled in a personality questionnaire (â€Å"Do you see yourself as†¦.? â€Å"), and wondered as you ticked the boxes if there can really be any validity to such a simplistic way of assessing people. Surely the scores just reflect your mood on the day, or what you want the investigator to think. We will write a custom essay sample on What Makes You What You Are or any similar topic only for you Order Now Surely everyone gives the same answer, which is â€Å"it depends†. Or even if the scores measure something, surely it is how the person sees themselves, rather than how they actually are. In a new book, I examine what the extent of the science underlying personality psychology really is. The answer is: more than you would think. While it has always been popular in business and pop psychology, and within academic psychology, personality research has been a poor relation to the parts of the discipline with experiments and hard objective measures. However, this is changing fast. The field of personality is undergoing a renaissance. The reasons for the renaissance are several. Academics now have some really good long-term studies of the same individuals, and it turns out that those brief, simplistic, pencil-and-paper questionnaires have surprisingly useful properties. They produce a wide range of selfdescriptions. The responses are fairly repeatable over intervals of many years. They also correlate quite well with ratings of the person given by their spouse, friends or colleagues. Much more importantly, though, the responses turn out to predict objective events. For example, in a famous cohort of gifted Californian children recruited in the 1920s, and who are elderly or deceased now, personality â€Å"scores† – numerical representations of answers to questions – are significant predictors of life expectancy. In another long-term study, this time of American married couples, the quality and duration of the marriage is predicted by the personality scores of both parties prior to marriage. There are many other examples, with personality scores predicting substance addiction, problem gambling, and the onset of psychological illnesses. Of course the prediction is a statistical one – you can assign odds, not make oracular pronouncements – but this is how it always is in psychology. Humans are such complex systems that you are happy to explain a portion of the variation in outcomes, and never expect to explain it all. In recent years there has been renewed interest in personality assessment. This has been greatly aided by the fact that there is now a consensus on what the key variables are. Its early development, the field was greatly hampered by every investigator having his or her own scales, often using different names and measures for what turned out to be the same thing, or indeed the same names for what turned out to be different things. But over the last 20 years, many studies in several different cultures have shown that much of the systematic variation in personality can be reduced to scores along five dimensions (the â€Å"Big Five†): Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Openness. It’s important to stress that these are all continuous dimensions. That is, there are no discrete important to stress that these are all continuous dimensions. That is, there are no discrete â€Å"types† of person. Personality dimensions are like height or weight, which vary continuously, not like being a left- or a right-hand writer. Your score on one dimension is independent of your scores on all the others, so there is an almost infinite diversity of different overall profiles possible. If developments within psychology have facilitated the renaissance of personality studies, it is at the interface with biology where the exciting developments are beginning to come. Neuroscientists have shown, mainly using the increasingly sophisticated brain imaging techniques that are now available, that those simple pencil-and-paper personality scores correlate significantly with the size or neurophysiological reactivity of specific regions of the brain. Moreover, these turn out to be the very regions that other types of evidence (evidence from brain damage, for example) would lead us to expect would be involved in that particular area of psychological function. Geneticists, too, are getting involved in personality research. It has recently become apparent that more of the human genome differs from individual to individual, even within our rather genetically homogenous species, than was previously thought. We know this inter alia from the complete sequence of Dr Craig Venter’s genome, which was published earlier this month. About 0. 5 per cent of the genetic information in his maternallyinherited genome is different from his paternally-inherited one. Variant sequences affect nearly half his genes, and it is likely that in many cases those variants will have some functional effect on body, brain or behaviour. In a few cases, we even know which genetic variants have effects on personality. There is a gene that encodes a receptor molecule for the neurotransmitter dopamine, and which contains a repeating sequence whose length varies from person to person. A number of studies have found that the length of this sequence correlates with self-reported extraversion and reward-seeking behaviour. In another gene, the serotonin transporter, individuals with one variant are more likely to develop depressive symptoms in response to stressful life events than bearers of the other version. In a few years, we may be in the position of actually understanding the molecular bases of the differences in nature that we observe between healthy humans. (But note that genetic effects will not turn out to be the whole story; only around half of the variation in personality looks like being heritable, with the rest probably shaped by early environmental exposures and other developmental processes. ) The other group of researchers getting interested in personality is evolutionists. Personalitylike variation has been found in organisms as diverse as fish, mammals and birds. Indeed, Darwin’s whole theory of evolution rests on the observation that individuals vary from one another. Without such variation there can be no natural selection and no evolutionary change. The question for evolutionists is why you would find variation persisting in populations, when selection always reduces diversity in favour of the optimal type. You read "What Makes You What You Are" in category "Papers" In fact, it turns out that there are often multiple optima, even within a single habitat, with individuals of one type doing well under certain conditions, while faring less well than their competitors under others. Thus, nder certain conditions, while faring less well than their competitors under others. Thus, selection rarely narrows the population to uniformity because individuals with different qualities flourish in different contexts. I rather like this as a guiding framework for thinking about personality in modern humans. Rather than imagining that there is some p ersonality profile that is uniformly good to have, let’s assume that all have their strengths and all have their pitfalls. Indeed, the failure of any one profile to dominate the human population attests to their roughly equal fitness in the long run. So, whatever your score on the Big Five, the point is not to try to change it, or fight it. The point is to establish which niche within the complex ecology that is modern society will be a good one for you to ply your trade in, and which of the diverse dangers (social isolation, addiction, depression†¦ ) that lurk in our both beneficent and hazardous habitat are the ones against which you should be most vigilant. This is where self-knowledge comes in, and taking the personality test overleaf can be part of that. Scoring your personality won’t tell you anything you don’t know. It’s based on how you see yourself, so logically it couldn’t. But it can reveal to you how you compare to other people, and can also tap you into a wealth of accumulated psychological knowledge about the strengths and liabilities that other people similar to you have experienced. This is what the questionnaire and the interpretation overleaf are designed to do. Daniel Nettle is the author of Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are (? 12. 99), published by Oxford University Press. To order a copy for the special price of ? 11. 69 (with free P) call Independent Books Direct on 0870 079 8897, or visit www. ndependentbooksdirect. co. uk What kind of personality are you? Take this test to discover the truth Introducing the big five Once you have completed the questionnaire and added up your scores, you should have an indication of whether you score low, medium-low, medium-high, or high on each of the Big Five dimensions of human personality. But what do these scores mean ? Here, I explore the Big Five to examine their effects on our lives. Extraversion This is a familiar concept. High-scorers are fun-seeking and cheerful, but they are not necessarily immediate hedonists; they are often ambitious and hard-working. They are also sexually adventurous and love to be the centre of attention. Low-scorers are not necessarily shy so much as aloof; they can take or leave success, praise and pleasure. The best way to think about this dimension is in terms of response to reward. Society offers certain incentives; money, power, fame, attention, sex, thrills, and so on, and some people certain incentives; money, power, fame, attention, sex, thrills, and so on, and some people pursue them full-out, while others have a more muted response and thus won’t work so hard to capture them. The strengths of high-scorers: energy, charisma, drive, the ability to make things happen. The weaknesses: a tendency to get bored, restlessness, infidelity, risky decisions. Strengths of lowscorers: detachment, pursuit of intrinsic goals, prudence, fidelity. The weaknesses: not thrusting themselves forward, not having fun, a flat emotional tone. There is no value-judgement about which of these is better from the point of view of a potential employer or spouse, but is certainly worth being aware of the likely pitfalls and most suitable habitats for your particular level of Extraversion. Conscientiousness Conscientiousness measures how good people are at setting themselves goals and sticking to them. High-scorers are disciplined, efficient and systematic. They can resist temptation and stick to priorities they have set themselves. In most modern occupations, and particularly those where you have to manage your own time and priorities, fairly high Conscientiousness is advantageous. Low-scorers are more likely to get distracted from tasks, renege on plans, and succumb to weaknesses of the will. Indeed, low Conscientiousness is a risk factor for developing addictions of all kinds. Being high in Conscientiousness is not always an unalloyed benefit, though. Sometimes it is indeed important to stick to plans. But at other times it is important to be able to change them on a sixpence. Very high scorers are perceived as grim, pedantic, unspontaneous, even miserly. There is even a name for excessive Conscientiousness – obsessive-compulsive personality disorder – and this is a very socially disabling condition. There are many human activities, including, crucially, social relationships, where it is essential to be able to respond in the moment to your environment as it changes. Highly conscientious people are rigid, often sticking to tasks and plans even when the point of them has been overtaken by events, or when the needs of others around them require spontaneous reorganising of priorities. Thus, if you are very low in Conscientiousness, for the sake of your career, your health, and your wellbeing, you may need to work effortfully at seeing your plans through, and being selfdisciplined. If you are a very high scorer, you may need to learn to be more spontaneous and intuitive, again for the benefits that this will bring in terms of flexibility and improved social relationships. Neuroticism I would like to dispel the notion that Neuroticism is always a bad thing, a kind of pathology, and that the best level of Neuroticism to have is a very low one. The evidence for the prosecution: yes, high-scorers live their lives under the Damoclean swords of depression, anxiety, stress, and disappointment. Whatever the world says about them, they are often uncomfortable in their inner lives, and go through life either with bouts of difficult times, or with a constant vague feeling that something is not quite right. However, if we think logically, negative emotions, such as worry, are always going to be there for a reason. One would not want to be entirely without worry. It would be as damaging to life decisions as the inability to feel physical pain is to peripheral physiology. High Neuroticism scorers can bring to bear enormous powers of deep thought, detailed analysis, novel insight. They care about the details that others can’t be bothered to follow up. Under some circumstances they do well academically. If you are a high-scorer, you may well be a member of a thinking profession such as an academic or a writer. High Neuroticism scorers, then, have hidden advantages. The challenge for them is to find ways to deal with the negative sequels of their personality. Some people respond well to cognitivebehavioural therapy, some to meditation, many to exercise. Low-scorers, too, have disadvantages. You probably don’t suffer much in life, which is good, but maybe you are not thoughtful enough. Maybe you let details go, and don’t think deeply enough about future drawbacks or problems. Maybe you are too carefree or rose-spectacled to see every potentiality. Agreeableness Agreeableness is a dimension of empathy towards others. High-scorers are often found in caring professions such as nursing and counselling.. They have larger-than-average social networks, and their relationships with others are harmonious. They don’t get into fights and are generally slow to anger. By contrast, the very lowest-scorers are sociopaths; they callously use others for their own ends. So far so good. It is better to be well-liked than to be a sociopath. However, in many fields, high Agreeableness reduces occupational attainment. Nice guys really do finish last, and moreover, plenty of our leaders have something of the sociopath about them. Successful artists and executives, though, tend to be rather low in Agreeableness. This means that the high Agreeableness scorer may not be prepared to be hard-headed. You may stay in relationships that do you no good out of empathy for the others involved. Agreeableness is the most sexually-patterned of the Big Five, with – no prizes for guessing – women scoring more highly on average than men. This adds an interesting new perspective on the paucity of women in positions of power. Many of them find it difficult to be callous enough. Should we be encouraging them to be more callous, or trying to change what we reward? Openness Openness is a dimension of imagination. High-scorers make mental associations that go beyond what is given to the senses, or what is logically deducible. They are keen on poetry and the arts, and often have metaphysical or esoteric ideas. Nobody wants to be called unimaginative, but when you stop and think about it, it is not evident Nobody wants to be called unimaginative, but when you stop and think about it, it is not evident that being imaginative in this sense is necessarily useful in life. Low-scorers can be very intelligent and capable, though they will be oriented towards the practical and the soluble. High-scorers will be more able and willing to venture into the domains of the aesthetic. However, they can also develop eccentric, paranormal or even delusional beliefs, and fail to solve simply resolvable practical problems. Neither a high nor a low score is inherently desirable; it is simple a matter of harnessing the strengths that you have. www. independent. co. uk ht:/w. needn. ou/essinepro tp/wwidpnetc. knw/cec/es nlt-htmksyutewyyuae426. tl aiywa-ae-o-h-a-o-r-069hm ht:/o. lfg tp/gog/fS How to cite What Makes You What You Are, Papers

Deflection of an Eccentric Tie free essay sample

Figures and Diagrams/15| | Materials and Method/10| | Results Discussions/45| | References/10| | Total| | School of Engineering Taylor’s University Malaysia 28 September 2012 Table of Contents Abstract3 1. Introduction3 2. Experiment design4 2. 1 Materials4 2. 2 Methods4 2. 3 Procedure4 3. Results amp; Discussion5 3. 1 Tables5 3. 2 Graphs 6-7 3. 3 Discussion of results8 4. Analysis9 4. 1 Guidelines for error analysis9 5. Conclusions amp; Recommendations9 6. References 10 ABSTRACT The aim of doing this experiment is to compare the transverse bending deflection of the tie bar and the theoretical values that obtain from the simplified formula and the exact formula when the eccentricity of the load is 75m, 55mm and 35mm. The experimental values of the deflection of the tie are obtained by reading the results of dial gauge during the experiment. 1. INTRODUCTION Eccentric loading is the pressure directed anywhere on a component other than where the component is designed to accept the force. Sometimes the design of a mechanism or a structure demands that a tension member has to be offset from the line of the pull. This means that the member has to carry combined tension and bending, the latter increasing with the eccentricity of the load. When the load line is going out the middle third of a square tie bar, as in this experiment, the bending moment predominates and bending deflection may be considerable. The more rigorous mathematical solution of an eccentrically loaded tie bar requires some knowledge of differential equation. An approximate solution could be obtained by regarding the tie bar as a beam with equal and opposite couples applied, thus producing circular bending. The experiment provides an exaggerated demonstration of an eccentric tie to make possible a visual appreciation of the problem. It also gives an opportunity to check the order of accuracy that can be achieved by using the simple theory. 2. EXPERIMENT DESIGN Dial Gauge Aluminum Tie Bar Apply Load Figure 1. Eccentric Tie Bar Dial Gauge Aluminum Tie Bar Apply Load Figure 1. Eccentric Tie Bar The experiment is designed as followed. . 1 Materials 1. Eccentric Tie Apparatus 2. Load hanger 2N 3. Weight sets 50N, 20N, 10N and 2N. 2. 2 Methods First, the gauges readings are obtained by calculate the dial gauge at the centre of the eccentric tie apparatus. The dial gauge contain of 100 divisions, to get the central of deflection, is the gauge readings multiply by the sensitivity of the dial gauge which is 0. 01mm. Besides that, the central defle ction also obtains by using the simple formula and exact formula. The comparison between the results will be shown in the form of graph. 2. 3 Procedure ) The apparatus with the greatest eccentric of loading (75mm) was set up and the â€Å"zero† load reading of the dial gauge was noted. b) 90N of load was added in nine increments of 10N, the reading of the central deflection for each increment was recorded in Table 1. c) The above procedure was repeated with the load at 55mm eccentric, and 120Nof load was added in increment of 20N, the results were recorded in Table 2. d) The above procedure with the load at 35mm eccentric was repeated, and 140N of load was added in increment of 20N, the results were recorded in Table 3. 3. RESULTS amp; DISCCUSION 3. 1 Tables Applied Load (N)| End Moment (KN. mm)| Gauge Reading (No of divisions)| Central Deflection (mm)| Central Deflection,? from simple formula (mm)| ? /e| Central Deflection from exact formula (mm)| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| 0. 00| 0| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 000| 0. 00| 10| 0. 75| 79| 0. 79| 1. 28| 0. 017| 1. 26| 20| 1. 50| 289| 2. 89| 2. 56| 0. 034| 2. 49| 30| 2. 25| 321| 3. 21| 3. 84| 0. 051| 3. 69| 40| 3. 00| 411| 4. 11| 5. 12| 0. 068| 4. 85| 50| 3. 75| 513| 5. 13| 6. 41| 0. 085| 5. 98| 60| 4. 50| 618| 6. 18| 7. 69| 0. 02| 7. 08| 70| 5. 25| 719| 7. 19| 8. 97| 0. 120| 8. 15| 80| 6. 00| 821| 8. 21| 10. 2| 0. 137| 9. 20| Table 1: 75mm eccentric Applied Load (N)| End Moment (KN. mm)| Gauge Reading (No of divisions)| Central Deflection (mm)| Central Deflection,? from simple formula (mm)| ? /e| Central Deflection from exact formula (mm)| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 00| 0. 000| 0. 00| 20| 1. 1| 147| 1. 47| 1. 88| 0. 034| 1. 83| 40| 2. 2| 300| 3. 00| 3. 76| 0. 068| 3. 56| 60| 3. 3| 448| 4. 48| 5. 64| 0. 102| 5. 19| 80| 4. 4| 600| 6. 00| 7. 52| 0. 137| 6. 5| 100| 5. 5| 730| 7. 30| 9. 39| 0. 171| 8. 22| Table 2: 55mm eccentric Applied Load (N)| End Moment (KN. mm)| Gauge Reading (No of divisions)| Central Deflection (mm)| Central Deflection,? from simple formula (mm)| ? /e| Central Deflection from exact formula (mm)| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| 0. 00| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 00| 0. 000| 0. 00| 20| 0. 70| 85| 0. 85| 1. 20| 0. 034| 1. 16| 40| 1. 40| 194| 1. 94| 2. 39| 0. 068| 2. 26| 60| 2. 10| 396| 3. 96| 3. 59| 0. 102| 3. 30| 80| 2. 80| 481| 4. 81| 4. 78| 0. 137| 4. 29| 100| 3. 50| 570| 5. 7| 5. 98| 0. 171| 5. 23| 20| 4. 20| 645| 6. 45| 7. 17| 0. 205| 6. 12| Table 3: 35mm eccentric 3. 2 Graphs The results of the experiment are plotted and as shown in the 3 graph above, the eccentricity of load which is 75mm, 55mm and 35mm gave us the different results. The equation that used to calculate the Central deflection is: Simplified Formula ?=ML28EI Exact Formula 3. 3 Discussion of results 1. After compared both theoretical and experimental results, it shows that the values of central deflection is related to the end moment, as the end moment increases, the central deflection also increases. The behaviour of the graph central deflection against end moment also clearly showed that the central deflection is directly proportional to end moment. The results of the central deflection for the experimental values is smaller than the simplified and exact formula, this is because, there might be some errors occur during the experiment. The errors are listed in 4. 1 Guidelines for error analysis. 2. There are significant different between the values obtained from Simplified Theory and the Exact Formula, this is because the eccentricity of the tie bar that used in the Simplified Theory is only considered the applied load. On the other hand, the Exact Formula is considered as a whole depending on the effective load, Young’s modulus, length, and second moment of inertia. Therefore the values that obtain by using the Exact Formula are more accurate. 3. If an error of 10% was allowed (by using a larger factor of safety in design), the experimental results which are after 80N are not adequate, this is because the tensile strength of the tie bar that used in the lab is not that strength. Therefore, the different between the Theoretical central deflection and the central deflection that calculate using Simplified Theory for the heavier loads shouldn’t be ignored. . 0 ANALYSIS 4. 1 Guidelines for error analysis 1. Parallax error might be occurred when reading the dial gauge when taking different results. 2. The load is not applied directly on the normal axis will also cause some error on our results. 3. Slight vibration of the table might also affect the accuracy of the result. 5. 0 CONCLUSION A ND RECOMMENDATION From the experiment, the accuracy of the experimental values is less accurate if compare to the Theoretical values, this is because there might be errors that occurred during the experiment. In order to increase the accuracy of the experimental results, a digital dial gauge with smaller scale and more sensitive should be used and the experiment should we repeated more times to get the average reading. 6. 0 References 1. M. Zaina, S. J. Foster (2005), â€Å"Testing of Concentric and Eccentrically Loaded Fibre-Reinforced HSC Columns†, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW. 2. Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman (2008), â€Å"University Physics with Modern Physics†, 12th Edition, p. 363-370. 3. W. A. Bassali, M. N. Y. Anwar, K. M. Mosleh (1985), â€Å"Deflection of an Eccentrically Loaded and Concentrically Supported Thin Circular Annulus†, Journal of Pure and Applied Maths, 16(2), 189-212. 4. Beer, Johnston, Dewolf 2002. Mechanics of Materials 3rd Ed. (Reference list) 1. http://www. engineeringtoolbox. com/area-moment-inertia-d_1328. html 2. http://www. ecourse. ou. edu/cgi-bin/ebook. cgi? doc=†amp;topic=meamp;chap_sec=09. 3? amp;page=theory 3. http://www. toolingu. com/definition-570240-28512-eccentric-loading. html 4. http://www. freestudy. co. uk/statics/beams/beam%20tut3. pdf