Sustainable Housing and Urban Construction

Since the get-go, the assembled condition has been a basic part in giving haven needs to men, ladies and kids. Maslow (1943) detailed that haven is a fundamental prerequisite of people. Later on, people should build manageable safe house in any case would they would chance draining assets for ensuing ages. Development is a case of a performing various tasks movement. The lifecycle of development can be broken into stages. Accomplishing building maintainability in present day condition requires a superior comprehension of natural effects. Effects, for example, environmental change, related expenses, just as using benchmarking scale to gauge over an entire scope of building types and inhabitances. This report will talk about structure supportability, the requirements that partners of assembled condition face, and the job of engineers during the time spent developing economical structures. Thoughtfully, maintainability is permitting present age to address its issues without denying later ages of an approach to meet theirs. As per Meckler (2004), building manageability intends to â€Å"provide a protected, solid, agreeable indoor condition while at the same time limit the decrease of the earth’s normal resources†. Engineers, with their one of a kind situation inside the fabricated condition, are well prepared to address the difficulties of maintainability in the manufactured condition. The structure and development industry has a high capacity to be imaginative (Meckler 2004), and through this advancement that it would make new strategies and procedures bringing about developing improved maintainable structures that can be fill in as resulting year’s benchmark to beat. The development business has put resources into innovative work into maintainability so as to increase a more clear understanding the impact of expanding on the earth and decreasing the effect of structures on nature. The shared objective is to be â€Å"energy efficient†. Being vitality productive doesn't liken to being vitality supportable. The vitality from the customary fossil sources can't be provided without utilizing further extensive measure of vitality in providing it. The effectiveness of the vitality lifecycle beginning from the crude extraction of assets, arrangement, transport, transformation and circulation to application might be up to 20%. To liken this in straightforward terms is that it takes around 5kWh to convey 1kWh of vitality for utilization. So as to devour 1kWh of vitality, the genuine term utilization is really 6kWh. Various investigations universally have indicated that operational vitality expends the fundamental measure of complete vitality use in structures during a run of the mill administration life expectancy of around 50 years. This records for about 85â€95% of all out vitality use (Thormark, 2005). From a private point of view, there ought to be an attention more on the feasible improvement of the private structures and urban developments. The crucial explanation new and more vitality proficient advances keep on being overlooked and the advances that are applied infrequently proceed as productively as they ought to is a result of an absence of responsibility for building vitality execution in current structure plan and activity rehearses. The structure and development industry in Australia has gained huge ground forward over the most recent 5 years to improve their natural execution. This improvement has been in light of expanded consideration from neighborhood and state government strategies with respect to Ecological Sustainable Development (ESD), just as the accessibility of all encompassing natural rating apparatuses, for example, the Green Building Council of Australia’s Green Star rating devices. Draftsmen factor in climatic factors into their considerations as they structure and plan houses, premises and structures (Alnaser and Flanagan 2007). In hot dry locales, for example, in the Northern Territory, the constructed condition ought to be arranged minimally to diminish the measure of surfaces presented to sun based radiation. In warm sticky districts, for example, in Queensland, structures ought to be straightforwardly divided to augment air development between singular structures. This would decrease the structure operational vitality utilization and amplify Green Star rating. Green structure is a gigantic development territory in plan, development and building materials. Green structure has picked up force because of the ascent in vitality expenses and cost of building materials. The fair compromise is somewhere close to a mix of aloof measures through ideal structure plan and dynamic measures accomplished through effective mechanical framework intended to control the indoor atmosphere. These dynamic measures referenced above incorporate using sustainable power source, for example, sunlight based vitality, wind vitality and geothermic vitality, improving warm execution of building structure, using sunshine and vitality effective lightings, and growing new practical structure materials (Thormark, 2005). Another part of supportability that is frequently ignored is social manageability. Social supportability can be thought of as subjective markers that supplement the improvement procedure. Some social supportability targets are to offer sufficient nearby types of assistance and offices to serve the turn of events, to give lodging to address the issues of the populace, to give high caliber, tenable turns of events and where conceivable to save neighborhood culture and legacy. In any real turn of events, there is a requirement for other supporting components to make it engaging and practical. A necessary piece of the advancement is to give top notch vitality proficient structures for network exercises, for example, musicals and outside space for open markets. By having such get-togethers, the network will get a feeling of proprietorship and will use the office much of the time. A notable part of practical improvement is to give a blend of lodging structures of every single distinctive sort (Zhu and Lin, 2003). So as to accomplish the target of giving moderate lodging; structures and development must be of high caliber but then uses negligible assets. At every possible opportunity, social legacy ought to be protected through the reutilising of nearby esteemed structures. In the event that social conservation is accomplished, the engineering plan for the advancements will reflect neighborhood legacy and utilize nearby materials. As indicated by Williams and Dair (2007), there are 9 normally recognizable boundaries to accomplishing maintainability. A portion of these obstructions are: 1. Maintainability measure was not considered by partners 2. Maintainability measure was not required by customer (incorporates buyers, inhabitants and end clients) 3. The manageability measure cost excessively (now and again the speculator would not finance) Except if manageability is on the plan of the nearby arranging government, partners are probably not going to intentionally put supportability quantifies on their plan. Partners were basically bypassing manageability gives by and large. Similarly as with most neighborhood government arranging approaches, there are severe rules in regards to social destinations, for example, addressing lodging needs. In the event that an approach is dynamic at the cutting edge of advancement, at that point they showed up on stakeholders’ plans. Numerous draftsmen can prevail with regards to accomplishing a higher star rating for vitality proficiency for their assembled condition ventures. They have been doing as such for some time. The difficulties of manageability later on ought not be translated as additional connections to how engineers have planned previously. Planners have the inborn capacity to return to the planning phase and to rethink the structure procedure to mirror the structures required for what's to come. Planners have an essential task to carry out. They are a piece of key dynamic component in the structure and development industry. Going ahead, their job will be inseparably connected to delivering maintainable results. There are numerous markers for maintainable structure plan (Smith 2001). (a)Identifying potential sources to create sustainable power on the spot, I. e. like Building-Integrating Photovoltaic (BIPV). (b)Minimal utilization of petroleum derivative vitality sources utilized during the lifetime of the structure. (c)Ensuring that building the board frameworks are easy to understand easy to work. (d)Implementing inactive or dynamic sun based vitality while utilizing warming and cooling frameworks which are calibrated to the necessities of the inhabitants with cooling utilized distinctly in uncommon conditions. As we progress into the future, the need to give cover increments because of populace development. The structure structures required for this developing interest must be ecologically and socially reasonable. There is a worldwide increment in consciousness of the reducing flexibly of conventional petroleum derivative assets. Petroleum derivatives make up the center warming and cooling vitality utilization by and by. So as to accomplish manageability and leave the cutting edge ready to address their issues, there are transient expanded monetary expenses as the change from customary subject to petroleum products to elective vitality sources. These boundaries must be survived and the job of the planner in the general diagram is critical. They have the essential plan aptitudes to adjust to the changing needs and produce practical business and private . REFERENCES †¢N. W. Alnaser_, R. Flanagan (2007). The need of practical structures development in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Building and Environment 42 (2007) 495â€506 †¢T. HARTMAN. (2008). A Vision for Energy Performance Integrating execution †checking activities to improve building manageability. HPAC Engineering †¢ May 2008 †¢Maslow, A. H, (1943). A THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION, Originally Published in Psychological Review, 50,370-396. 1943 †¢C. McCabe. (2006). Natural Sciences and Pollution Management. Feasible structure plan in Australia. Eco-Architecture: Harmonization between A

Japanese Death Rituals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Japanese Death Rituals - Essay Example This impossible to miss part of the Japanese demise ceremonies hushes up befuddling. While on the one side, the Japanese display a ceremoniously discernable regard for a perished individual; on the opposite side they believe the passing to be a type of an irresistible event that can possibly dirty the relatives and close ones of a dead individual. Japanese severe dislike for felines in their demise ceremonies and their interest with bearings is extremely average. The act of burrowing a lady's grave further then that of a man's however uncommon is maybe demonstrative of the inferior status of the ladies in the Japanese society. One widespread part of the Japanese convictions about death is that a burial service in Japan is viewed as an overwhelmingly network occasion where the individuals from a network or an area do everything conceivable to enable a deprived family to play out the vital memorial service customs and broaden the conceivable material and enthusiastic help to the relati ves of a perished individual, to assist them with grappling with their pain. Likewise, the nearby association of death and burial services in Japan with strict convictions, functions and ceremonies is something that is basic to a larger part of the world societies and social orders. The exceptional love appeared by the Japanese for a dead individual by lighting incense and candles and such different ceremonies are likewise widespread in their methodology.

Read Every Day 7 Ways to Put a Little Literature in Your Inbox

Read Every Day 7 Ways to Put a Little Literature in Your Inbox As I accumulate side jobs like its my job, I find more and more days pass by where I dont really sit down and read. Although I try to listen to audiobooks during my commute, I wanted another way to make sure I got a little literature in my brain every day. Thats when I discovered the existence of newsletters that send a short piece of literature right to your inbox. Most of us are constantly checking our email anyway, so why not make sure one of those emails will be a poem, a short story, or essay? These email newsletters tend to be short, something you can read in a few minutes while you sip your coffee or tea. Theyve let me add a few solid reading minutes to even my busier mornings. Plus, getting a poem in my email every day helps me make sure Im actually reading poetry! So you can bring a little more reading into your inbox, here is a list of a few sources for literary email goodness: Poetry The Poetry Foundations Poem a Day feed allows you to subscribe via your preferred reader. A new poem is posted every day, with a mix of poetry from canonical and contemporary poets. Poets.orgs Poem-a-Day email is as easy as it gets. They send an email once a day that includes the text of the poem right in your email! Typically, its contemporary poetry on weekdays with throwback classics on the weekend. Prose The Season of Stories runs from October 11-December 30th and sends you a short story or essay straight to your inbox. Ive really been enjoying them so far. Daily Science Fiction will shoot a science fiction story to your inbox every day if you sign up for their newsletter. Daily Lit will send you 15-minute installments of a book of your choice each day. Theres a vast library of books, both free and for purchase, to choose from. You can also check out the serials and short stories they publish to fit this time frame. Every Day Fiction sends you a short short story each day. Their tagline is bite sized stories for a busy world, which promises content that will slip seamlessly into your day. Mixed Bag The Writers Almanac newsletter includes short poetry or prose depending on the day. Theres also bonus literary history so you can brush up on your bookish trivia. These are just a few of the many options to find a daily email that will encourage you to read a little every day. Happy reading!

Organizational strategic plan for CanGo - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3295 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Executive Summary This three year strategic and marketing plan will serve to assist CanGo in increasing the bottom line, through decreasing cost and potential entry into new markets. Currently CanGo has a 1.5% market share of the current $32 billion a year ecommerce market. If CanGo were to increase its market share by only one percentage point this would double revenues and increase capability of future and current investments. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Organizational strategic plan for CanGo" essay for you Create order The deployment of the strategic and marketing plan will focus on solidifying the structural foundation of the organization, concentrating on the stratification of departments and recognition of the skills required to propel CanGo forward in achieving this goal. An analysis of the current ecommerce industry, along with financial analysis, will pinpoint how funds are currently allocated and therefore can be used in order to gain market share with a proper strategy and timeline for which preparation for monetary gain and investment will occur. A well designed strategy geared toward decreasing cost, while gaining new market entry, will be to the best advantage for CanGo and its future profitability. The 5D Consulting Group would like to show CanGo how an entry into the M-Commerce (mobile commerce) market can increase market share while significantly decreasing cost of shipping and handling through the offering of instantly downloadable books, games and music to mobile devices. This plan will also show CanGo how it can improve upon company logistics through the procurement of additional resources that will assist in managing further expansion in the Ecommerce Industry. SWOT Analysis The following is the SWOT analysis that was used as a basis for our recommendations for CanGo. It will serve as a guide to formulate and develop a strategic management plan. It assists in identifying the areas of the business that are working well and the areas of the business that need improvement. Taken together, they allow targeted action to facilitate future success at CanGo. Strengths CanGo is a very successful small business with markets into books, magazines, music, movies, and recently online gaming. The recent acquisition of a substantial inventory of online games from Webjouster (CanGo intranet, 2009) has given CanGo a competitive advantage as well as a cost-savings for bulk buying. This has allowed CanGo to enter the online gaming industry relatively quickly. They have become one of the fastest growing online retailers, which is a major feat for a small business. Theyve even drawn the attention of international consumers, namely in Japan, which shows their potential to be one of the leaders in e-retail and online gaming. One of their major strengths is their philosophy of operating as if they are the customer. This gives them a major advantage because they are able to more closely understand the customers needs and wants. CanGo also has strength in the added value of its employees. They all seem to have a great interest in the company. Employees at CanG o have a good sense of responsibility and care about the companys overall well being. Furthermore, they have an intuitive feel of the market and know that they want to move forward growing the company and increasing performance. Weaknesses CanGos major weakness lies in their lack of planning. Online retail is extremely competitive. Not having any plans or direction for the company could be disastrous. CanGo needs strategic planning which would help them plan what to do in general and in the case of an emergency. Additionally, having a mission statement and vision statement lets employees, investors, and consumers know what the direction of the company is as well as why the company is in existence. When going up against e-retail giants, CanGo needs to have those minimum requirements addressed. Another weakness is CanGos inability to work together as a team. Each team member has a designated task for a reason. Members of the upper management need to be consulted before making any major decisions. This would help ensure CanGo isnt taking on plans they cant afford to take. For example, consulting the Director of Accounting before venturing into online gaming would have warned them they were in the red. Additionally, u pper management should work better with team members. More detail and better instruction needs to be given to employees concerning specific tasks. Giving tasks without direction will just cause more back and forth between employees and upper management. They also lack a coherent and meaningful way to review employees performance so that problems can be addressed promptly. On the technical side, the company must realize that it needs to modernize itself through means of bar code reading, upgrading of its website and internal phone system, and implementation of an automated storage and retrieval system (ASRS). Also, CanGo as a company is uncertain of its direction and how to proceed with its rapid success; especially recently into the Japanese market. There is finally a general lack of understanding of how ideas at CanGo can be formulated, evaluated, and transformed into productive action. Opportunities CanGos opportunities lie in its ability to improve efficiency by implementing an ASRS, as doing so would provide a positive rate of return on invested capital. Other opportunities lie in the Japanese market and an excellent move would be to partner with a Japanese firm to continue their growth there. They also have an opportunity to further continue into the online gaming industry, as it has seen rapid growth which CanGo is intent to capitalize on. The online gaming industry is the economic sector involved with the development, marketing and sale of video and computer games. The gaming industry has been growing exponentially in recent years and is expected to leap-frog in the future. CanGos entrance into this area allows the company to sell their products to a global market. Also, there has been interest in CanGo from public investors with simultaneous recognition of CEO Barrett as Business Person of the Year, which again presents an opportunity for CanGo. Threats CanGos major threat is from larger, more established competitors such as Amazon and eBay who already have a foothold in the multimedia marketplace. If CanGo becomes too debt burdened by its venture into online gaming or due to poor implementation of an ASRS, they could become unable to compete even if they address all other problems. Further threatening CanGo is its manual order fulfillment process and the substantial inventory recently acquired, which may compound the currently high number of human errors. Other companies have an advantage over CanGo through the use of an ASRS. Another risk to CanGo is its lack of a long-term business strategy with regards to a lack of planning and risk management. Lastly, if CanGo is interested in expansion, it will encounter the threat of an ever increasing complicated and competitor filled international market for goods and services. Industry Analysis: Trends in E-Commerce E-Commerce according to Internet Moms.Com has become more and more common. The reasons: hectic lifestyle and internet shopping with its convenience saves time. It is predicted that the market will nearly double in size over the next five years. In 2008 the total sales in the global ecommerce industry were nearly $204 billion (Knight, 2008). The United States consumers account for 3.8% of the global industry taking in $32 billion, ranking number eight. Countries that outrank the U.S. in online consumerism are South Korea, Germany, UK, and Japan. South Korea ranks number one with 99% of internet users stating they have shopped online (Nielsen, 2008). In the U.S, ecommerce accounts for 3% of total retail sales revenues. The online gaming sector of ecommerce is coupled with DVD and videos and as a collective it is considered online entertainment. Online gaming accounts for $49 billion of total online sales which covers 24% of total global ecommerce sales, which is shown in Figure I bas ed on the Nielsen Online Global Shopping Report Feb. 2008: The global ecommerce industry consists of 875 million internet users (Nielsen, 2008) who have made purchases using the internet; 8% of these users consist of 70 million US internet shoppers; 63% of these internet surfers/shoppers are female and they outnumber males 3 to 2. (Internet Based Moms , 2009). People who will most likely shop online according to Internet Based Moms are women and people with children. This source also indicates that an organizations profit can be increased if the product or service can be received electronically, and time and money can be saved if you do not have to keep inventory or ship items. They also recommend that you have someone else keep the inventory or do the shipping for you if at all possible, as well as, offering a substantively unique product or service to attract consumers. Compared to CanGos competitors, they currently only occupy 1% of the ecommerce market. With such a small p ortion of the market, CanGo can be considered part of the small internet company category which currently occupies 83% of the total ecommerce market and consists of thousands of internet businesses. We suggest that CanGo watch their competitors closely in order to create a benchmarking system to gain a competitive advantage and increase their market share. Amazon.com, eBay, and BarnesandNoble.com currently occupy a large portion of the ecommerce market and would be CanGos largest competitors. With sales over $19.1 billion in 2008 (Amazon Annual Report, 2008), Amazons current market share is 9% (Figure II). Amazon is an online retailer, that offers a wide range of products, including but not limited to, books, movies, music, games, and digital downloads. They also offer personalized shopping services, web-based credit card payment, and direct shipping to customers. (Bloomberg, 2009) Amazon operates internationally as well, with websites in Canada, China, France, Japan, Germany, an d the UK. They have programs that allow people to sell their products on either Amazon sites or their own branded websites. Developers can access technology infrastructure to create any type of business by utilizing Amazon Web Services. Amazon even offers co-branded credit card programs, fulfillment, and other marketing and promotional services, such as online advertising. (Yahoo Finance, 2009) With sales around $8.5 billion in 2008 (eBay Annual Report 2008), eBays current market share is 4% (Figure II). They are one of the worlds largest online market places, with more than 88 million active users globally. They connect various individual buyers and sellers, as well as small businesses through their online market places. In 2008, the total worth of goods sold on eBay was $60 billion, which translates to $2,000 every second. (eBay, 2009) eBay operates in three segments: Marketplaces, Payments, and Communications. Their Marketplaces segment provides online commerce platforms th at enable buyers and sellers to interact and trade with one another. Besides the traditional eBay.com, they offer other platforms such as StubHub, OpusForum, and Shopping.com and various services, such as feedback forum, safe harbor program, and verified rights owner. Their Payments segment offers PayPal and Bill Me Later payment platform, solutions, and services. Lastly, their Communications segment consists of Skype, the Internet communication product, which offers its software in approximately 28 languages. (Yahoo Finance, 2009) With online sales totaling $466 million (Barnes Noble Annual Report, 2008), BarnesandNoble.com occupies 3% of the ecommerce market (Figure II). By leveraging the power of the Barnes Noble brand name, BN.com offers online customers direct home delivery of millions of books, CDs, DVDs, eBooks and digital download content from its website and from a wide range of platforms, including the iPhone, iPod touch and select BlackBerryreg; and Motorola Smartpho ne. (Barnes Noble Booksellers, 2009) With their numerous warehouses across the United States, they are able to stock over 1 million titles for immediate delivery. Their robust search engine enables customers to locate books by title, author, or keyword in just few seconds, browse pages to sift through hundreds of categories, read descriptions and reviews, and their See Inside program lets customers read excerpts from tens of thousands of titles. They even offer editor recommendations and customer reviews on hundreds of thousands of titles. In 2009, they became a leader in eBooks, offering over 1 million titles and launching nook, the worlds most advanced eBook reader, which features groundbreaking technology, a color touch screen and lets readers download books in seconds. (Barnes Noble, 2009) Financial Analysis According to the CanGos balance sheet, it appears that they are using much of their short term assets to acquire inventory for the company. CanGos plant, property, a nd equipment are depreciating at a rate of $320,000 per year and have a useable life of 20 years before they are fully depreciated. CanGos brand name and goodwill are amortizing at a slower pace, meaning the companys name will complete amortization in just about 40 years. CanGo currently has $57,400,000 worth of debt that needs to be paid within the next 24 years. They currently have $12 million available for investment and their total sales revenues generated $51 million. CanGo lost about 1% of this amount in sales returns, which is in contrast to the previous year when the loss was 3% of the total revenues. This demonstrates improvement in processes. CanGo made $41 million dollars worth of profit and used this money to cover operating expenses. Since the merger, they have increased business but they have also increased the amount of debt they are carrying. Profitability Ratios include Operating Profit Margin, Net Profit Margin, Return on Assets and Return on Equity (Figure I II). These values are positive for CanGo and give a green light for potential investors. Investors may also take into account liquidity ratios which demonstrate the efficiency for the company to cover its debts as they become due. CanGos Net Profit Margin of 10.80% (Figure III) is high indicating a change in strategy from previous years. This also indicates a higher risk which is justifiable in order to generate a higher profit. CanGo needs to pay attention to its allocation of assets because this is where profitability ratios are used. Quick Ratio excludes inventory which brings the ratio down a few points but is still remains high for this industry. Their Current Ratio of 5.39 is high the current Ratio is 2.27 without including its marketable securities as current assets. The Current Ratio results from dividing Current Assets by Current Liabilities. An optimum ratio approach will be 1; a negative number can indicate CanGos difficulties meeting its short-term obligations. Oppos ite to this, a Current Ratio being greater than 1 shows inefficient use of funds. Current Inventory Turnover measures how many times CanGo turns its inventory into profit; again an optimal value is 1. CanGo being at .28 is still good because is not a negative number. CanGo is doing better than Barnes Noble in regards to Return on Assets (ROA) (Figure IV), meaning that they are using their assets more efficiently. Return on Equity (ROE) accounts for dividends paid to common stock holders but after dividends to preferred stock, Amazon, Barnes Noble and eBay pay their stockholders a higher return for their dividends than CanGo, shareholders equity does not include preferred shares. CanGo is almost at eBays level when it comes to Operating Profit Margin. It is best to look at the change in operating margin over time and to comparethe companys yearly or quarterlystatement to those of its competitors. Ifa companys margin is increasing, it is earning more per dollar of sales. Curre nt Ratio and Quick Ratio are very high for CanGo compared to its competitors. This shows that these other companies are using their funds more efficiently to create a profit and CanGo is not. Implementation Plan In year one, the 3% loss in accounts receivables should be offset through acquisition of a check and verification system. Subscription costs are reasonable and will reduce loss by more than 30% resulting in an increase in liquid assets (Figure V). Supplier inventory cost can be reduced by utilizing an E-retailer service for downloadable e-book, music, and gaming inventory. CanGo could also establish a relationship with the current supplier to contract 3% royalties on all customers that are redirected to the supplier for tangible purchases. This will decrease inventory cost by 42% (Figure V) resulting in a large amount of savings for company operations. In year two, CanGos realization for investment potential should increase. Acquisitions and Procurement from the pre vious year should have increased revenues and decreased inventory cost. Also, a market for instant downloadable games and products should have been realized. This will be the perfect time for CanGo to re-authorize 20 million shares of common stock at a two for one increasing investors for the short term, fueling investment income. In the latter part of year two and the beginning of year 3, CanGo should see a solid increase in gross profit and continuing operations income (Figure V). They should begin to restructure the organization. This organizational augmentation should include a project management and information technology department, with the inclusion of sub-contractors, advisors and consultants. A matrix model should be used so that experienced employees can head experienced staff in specified departments. This will capitalize and structure the talents and knowledge of the staff that are currently a part of CanGo. This structure will renew confidence in current employees, initiate and instill responsibility, build trust, enhance decision making capability, and assist in the realization of CanGos overall goals, values, and mission. Finally during years three and four, new market penetration and proper allocation of funds should be CanGos focus. CanGo by this time should have experienced growth in the current ecommerce market, with a noticeable ability to enter the mobile-commerce (m-commerce) market, of palm pilots, cell phones, and PDAs (Figure VI). Acquisitions will have helped CanGo realize this market and the well established information technology department will assist in integrating and researching the software needed to compete. Additional profits and savings should be strategically used to re-invest in assisting the company in gaining a competitive advantage. References Amazon. (2009). Media Kit: Company Facts. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from: https://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060p=irol-factSheet Amazon Annual Report. (2008). Amazon.com Annual Report 2008. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from Scribd: https://www.scribd.com/doc/14670406/Amazon-Annual-Report-2008 Barnes Noble. (2009). About Barnes Noble.com. Retrieved November 28, 2009 from Barnes Noble: https://www.barnesandnoble.com/help/cds2.asp?PID=8157cds 2Pid=20619linkid=1352321 Barnes Noble Annual Report. (2008). Barnes Noble 2008 Annual Report. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from Barnes Noble Inc: https://www.barnesandnobleinc.com/ for_investors/annual_reports/2008_Annual_Report.pdf Barnes Noble Booksellers. (2009). For Investors. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from Barnes Noble Inc: https://www.barnesandnobleinc.com/for_investors/for_investors.html? cds2Pid=20619linkid=1352322 Blackwell. (2005-2009). Put your Budget to Good UseBefore You Spend a Penny of It. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from Blackwell Baker Taylor: https://www.blackwell.com/orders_and_purchasing/automatic_deposit_accounts Bloomberg. (2009). AMZN: US Amazon.com Inc. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/quote?ticker=AMZN%3AUS CanGo Intranet. (2009). CanGo Purchases Webjouster. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from DeVry University: https://myphlip2.pearsoncmg.com/masteringbusiness/cango/index.html eBay. (2009). The eBay Company. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from eBay: https://pages.ebay.com/aboutebay/thecompany/companyoverview.html eBay Annual Report. (2008). eBay Annual Report 2008. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from https://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ebay/784094560x0x281367/1b773a7c-8c14- 45b8-915a-1716ca37dda0/eBay_2008AR.pdf InfoMerchant. (2009). Merchant Account Info For Businesses. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from InfoMerchant: https://www.infomerchant.net/merchantaccounts/merchant-account- rates.html Internet Based Moms. (2009). Selling on the Internet: Some Internet Statistics. Retrieved November 21, 2009, from Internet Based Moms: https://www.internetbasedmoms.com/net_selling.htm Knight, K. (2008, February 5). Forrester: online shopping growth to slow. Retrieved November 20, 2009, from BizReport: https://www.bizreport.com/2008/02/forrester_online_shopping_growth_to_slow.html Nielson. (2008, February). Global Online Shopping Report 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2009, from Nielson Consumer Reporting https://th.nielsen.com/site/documents/GlobalOnlineShoppingReportFeb08.pdf Overdrive INC. (2009). OverDrive Leading Digital Media Services. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from E-Retail Services EBook and Audiobook Delivery Platform: https://www.overdrive.com/files/RetailerBrochure.pdf Yahoo Finance. (2009). AMZN: Profile for Amazon.com, Inc. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from Yahoo Finance: https://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=AMZN Yahoo Finance. (2009). EBAY: Profile for eBay Inc. Retrieved November 28, 2009 from Yahoo Finance: https://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=EBAY

Biblical And Mythological Allusions Of Moby Dick - 851 Words

Moby-Dick is Herman Melville’s masterpiece, a purposeful novel that acts both as a documentary of a sea voyage but also a philosophical allusion on life as a whole. Moby-Dick is far beyond its time in reference to its use of allusion within its text. In this novel, Herman Melville frequently uses biblical and mythological allusions. With these strategic allusions, the reader is able to begin to understand the topics of discussion within the book and is also exposed to the wisdom and potential knowledge Melville possesses. Melville uses many Biblical and mythological references in the form of character stories, which I found beneficial in helping interpret the texts meaning (Howard, 27). This paper will discuss the Biblical and Mythological allusions that Melville’s use in Moby-Dick in the hopes to develop a deeper understanding of the issues Melville was hoping to address. An Allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a well-known person, place, thing, cultural, hist orical, or literary work (Delahunty, 24). As Described by Andrew Delahunty in the Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion, allusions form a colorful extension to the English language, drawing on our collective knowledge of literature, mythology, and the Bible to help us connect and interpret literature (26). Though an allusion is used to reference something significant, it does not describe in detail the person or thing to which it is referring too. Writers often use allusions as just a passing commentShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Death of Identity in DeLillos White Noise2934 Words   |  12 Pageslie within Orest Mercators name. Orest may take his first name from Orestes, the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, who avenged his fathers death by killing his mother and her lover. The Classical allusion repositions Orest as a mythological origin who blends both Greek myth and Biblical allusions (by returning to Eden and confronting the serpent) with his indeterminate lineage. The binary extends to the quasi-palindromic nature of his name, beginning and ending with or. This is different

Technology and Culture Free Essays

There is no denying to the fact that changes occur in life as the world develops in its technology. Traditions and customs, culture of each and every race in Malaysia get a setback in this case. An attempt to keep them alive is a controversial matter and become debatable as we are somehow ‘modernized’ by the West. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology and Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is somehow painful and sad to see traditions and customs dying as we all humans have intense emotional bond with cultures and traditions but the stark reality have to be accepted that the world is a stage of flux and change. There are several reasons to why our traditions and customs are abandoned. Firstly, the advancement in telecommunication has influenced our minds to choose between cultures to which one that are convenient. We tend to look for and turn to the way as well as the one that is more convenient and are accessible. It is human nature for youths especially to adapt to changes faster. For instance, the existence of the social network called Facebook that enables us to connect with people from all walks of life by just typing a person’s name without actually knowing the person well. On festive seasons, we, young people need not going around visiting relatives and friends as well as going back to our respective hometowns anymore, we just wish them and greet them through the social network and phone them. Somehow, the tradition of visiting relatives and friends during festive seasons soon will be a history of life. Furthermore, the technology has moved people’s interest to play traditional games to modern and virtual games. Many youths nowadays are often categorize as the visual people. They often spend their time going to cybercafà © or at home playing computer games to the wee hours. If you ask them about traditional games they would just stare blankly at you because they as well as children nowadays only know how to swipe on the gadgets that theirs parents have. Probably, they are somehow called ‘heliophobia’ which means a person who is fear of sunlight as most of our traditional games are played outdoors. Traditional games have now been ruled over by virtual games and have now been an ‘old-fashioned’ in youngsters mind. Moreover, the technology has equipped us with more knowledge and we become more open-minded and more rational in thinking. If we would like to know more about more information on a certain thing or events, we could just click on the mouse and search information from the internet as search engines provides us with much information. Referring to books and newspaper have been sort of ‘out-dated’ thing. On the other hand, we can now learn cultural dance through the advance video technology, YouTube. We no longer take the first step to actually ask our mentor or the cultural dance performer or instructor to train us to dance correctly. Even now, the cultural dance is called cultural cum modern dance in the video website. The younger generation eventually become more open-minded as they think what they are doing is ‘cool’ and fashion has overpowered traditional wears in certain ethnics. All in all, advancements in technology surely have caused traditions and culture to get a setback. The government as well as the responsible authorities should organize campaigns and take action so that the young will know the legacy that our ancestors have practiced and passed on to us. Perhaps, a cultural dance such as lion dance, fan dance, ‘bharatanatyam’ being performed on occasions will get younger generation to know their culture better. They will then pass on to the next generation. It is never too late to teach them on culture and traditions, which is a legacy to leave behind when we are gone leaving a great impact on the next generation. How to cite Technology and Culture, Essays

Sensory Disabilities and Age of Onset

Sensory disability refers to the impairment in seeing or hearing. As per Specialist Schools and Academies Trust (2010):Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sensory Disabilities and Age of Onset specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The sensory impairment encompasses both visual loss (including blindness and partial sight), hearing loss (including the whole range) and multisensory (which means having a diagnosed visual and hearing impairment with at least loss in each of the modalities or deaf-blindness) (p.1) As a result of this, students who are sensory impaired may be affected in a number of ways in regards to their learning. For instance, the rate at which they advance academically may be slowed down significantly because of the difficulties they undergo in accessing the necessary information. They may also not be able to communicate appropriately with their peers and teachers about the knowledge they have acquired in class. Inability to move, and connected with it restrictions is another challenge that they are likely to encounter because of obvious reasons. The student may also suffer socially as he/she may not be able to interact freely with others due to fear arising from mocking at peers. â€Å"Their self esteem, particularly if learners experience negative attitudes and stereotyping may also suffer as a result† (Effective practice Guides, 2011, p. 6) Teaching the Sensory Impaired Using Assistive Technology (AT) Due to the above stated problems, various advancements in technology have been made to help the affected learner. The problem, however, is that each student has a different problem and, as such, requires a different style and approach if he/she is to be helped academically. Different assistive technologies are as well applied in countering these cases.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore For visual impairment cases, for example, print media materials, magnified computer images and information, screen readers and Braille can be used to help the visually disabled to screen hearing aids, FM systems, and speech to text translation devices that can also be employed when dealing with the students with hearing difficulties. Use of the AT Devices to Teach Language Arts Language teaching involves training learners on how to use a given language both in speech and written form. Magnified computer images can be used especially where the visual problem is congenital, in other words, where the student has visual memory or where the student involved still uses his vision as the primary way of reading. Through this, words and names on monitor screens can be accompanied with images for language learning. Speech to text translation devices can be used to directly transmit a teacher’s voice to a receptive screen for those who have hearing impairment in reading lessons, f or example. Braille can be used for reading purposes for those who are visually impaired. Age of Onset As earlier stated, learners’ problems vary. To encounter them effectively a teacher has to individualize his approach based on the learner’s studying style. â€Å"Knowing if the student has a congenital or adventitious sensory loss affects how students will gain access to the instruction† (Beard, et al, 2011, p. 142). This is due to the fact that the presence or lack of hearing or visual memory will highly influence which type of style and AT is to be employed for a particular student.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sensory Disabilities and Age of Onset specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The style the teacher will utilize in his/her interaction with the learner will also be influenced by the subject taught. Style and AT used in mathematics and sciences will obviously be different from the on e employed in language and arts classes, for instance. The learner’s preference, however, should be given a key consideration. It is also important to take these kinds of students away from the others where a teacher realizes that the student will encounter problems in adapting in order to help them avoid the likely embarrassment that they may undergo in class. This can happen, for instance, when learning the subject that call for lots of diagrams, figures and illustrations to be applied, which may also give a challenge to the visually impaired students. References Beard, L.A. , Carpenter, L.B and Johnson, L.B(2011). Assistive Technology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. Effective practice guide.(2011). â€Å"Understanding visual impairment in learners and young people†. RNIB: Supporting Blind and Partially Sighted People , 1-7, Retrieved from https://www.rnib.org.uk/services-we-offer-advice-professionals-education-professionals/guidance-teaching-and-lear ning Specialist Schools and Academies Trust (2010). Complex Learning difficulties research project. International Networking for Educational Transformation,1-8. Web. This essay on Sensory Disabilities and Age of Onset was written and submitted by user Shaniya O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The impact of Duddys family on his apprenticeship. (The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravit by Mordecai Richler)

The impact of Duddys family on his apprenticeship. (The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravit by Mordecai Richler) The impact of Duddy's family on his apprenticeshipThe world we live in is far from being perfect, and there are many things in our lives that we can never change, no matter how hard we try. The division of the people into the higher and the lower class existed at any point of the human history, whether it is the Egyptian Pharaohs versus the ordinary farmers in the ancient Egypt, or the rich and successful businessmen versus poor workers today. And one is wrong when he thinks that he can easily move form the lower class to another.In "The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz", Duddy, the protagonist of the novel is a part of the lower class, he is only a high school graduate. But Duddy doesn't need any higher education to quickly understand that money is one of the biggest differences between the lower and higher classes of society.English: Fuddy DuddyThroughout the whole novel, he tries to jump from the lower class, leaving his family behind, into the higher class. Finding money for buyin g land becomes his main quest. He wants to become rich and powerful and refuses to believe that his fate was decided even before he was born. Max's anecdotes about Jerry Dingleman, the local gangster, who starts with twenty-five cents in his pocket and becomes rich within a month, highly influence Duddy's behaviour.Max doesn't think much about Duddy and believes that Duddy has no other future but becoming a taxi driver, just like himself. "Duddy's a dope like me" (23), Max says, while introducing his younger son to his friends, and then adds that Duddy is "a real trouble maker"(27). And it seems that Max doesn't really care about Duddy's education: at Duddy's graduation, Max proudly says "atta boy, Duddy, atta boy" (66),

Geography Overview of Chile - History, Climate More

Geography Overview of Chile - History, Climate More Population: 16.5 million (2007 estimate)Capital: SantiagoArea: 302,778 square miles (756,945 sq km)Bordering Countries: Peru and Bolivia to the north and Argentina to the eastCoastline: 3,998 miles (6,435 km)Highest Point: Nevado Ojos del Salado at 22,572 feet (6,880 m)Official Language: Spanish Chile, officially called the Republic of Chile, is South Americas most prosperous country. It has a market-oriented economy and a reputation for strong financial institutions. Poverty rates in the country are low and its government is committed to promoting democracy. History of Chile According to the U.S. Department of State, Chile was first inhabited about 10,000 years ago by migrating peoples. Chile was first officially controlled briefly by the Incas in the north and the Araucanians in the south. The first Europeans to reach Chile were the Spanish conquistadores in 1535. They came to the area in search of gold and silver. The formal conquest of Chile began in 1540 under Pedro de Valdivia and the city of Santiago was founded on February 12, 1541. The Spanish then began practicing agriculture in Chiles central valley and made the area a Viceroyalty of Peru. Chile began pushing for its independence from Spain in 1808. In 1810, Chile was proclaimed an autonomous republic of the Spanish monarchy. Shortly thereafter, a movement for total independence from Spain began and several wars broke out until 1817. In that year, Bernardo OHiggins and Josà © de San Martà ­n entered Chile and defeated supporters of Spain. On February 12, 1818, Chile officially became an independent republic under the leadership of OHiggins. In the decades following its independence, a strong presidency was developed in Chile. Chile also grew physically during these years, and in 1881, took control of the Strait of Magellan. In addition, the War of the Pacific (1879-1883) allowed the country to expand north by one-third. Throughout the rest of the 19th and into the early 20th centuries, political and economic instability was common in Chile and from 1924-1932, the country was under the semi-dictatorial rule of General Carlos Ibanez. In 1932, constitutional rule was restored and the Radical Party emerged and dominated Chile until 1952. In 1964, Eduardo Frei-Montalva was elected as president under the slogan, Revolution in Liberty. By 1967 though, opposition to his administration and its reforms increased and in 1970, Senator Salvador Allende was elected President, beginning another period of political, social and economic unrest. On September 11, 1973, Allendes administration was overthrown. Another military ruled government, led by General Pinochet then took power and in 1980, a new constitution was approved. Government of Chile Today, Chile is a republic with executive, legislative and judicial branches. The executive branch consists of the president, and the legislative branch features a bicameral legislature composed of the High Assembly and the Chamber of Deputies. The judicial branch consists of the Constitutional Tribunal, the Supreme Court, the court of appeals and military courts. Chile is divided into 15 numbered regions for administration. These regions are divided into provinces that are administered by appointed governors. The provinces are further divided into municipalities that are governed by elected mayors. Political parties in Chile are grouped into two groups. These are the center-left Concertacion and the center-right Alliance for Chile. Geography and Climate of Chile Because of its long, narrow profile and position adjacent to the Pacific Ocean and Andes Mountains, Chile has a unique topography and climate. Northern Chile is home to the Atacama Desert, which has one of the lowest rainfall totals in the world. By contrast, Santiago, is located midway along Chiles length and lies in a Mediterranean temperate valley between the coastal mountains and the Andes. Santiago itself has hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The southern inland portion of the country is covered with forests while the coast is a maze of fjords, inlets, canals, peninsulas, and islands. The climate in this area is cold and wet. Chiles Industry and Land Use Due to its extremes in topography and climate, the most developed area of Chile is the valley near Santiago and it is where the majority of the countrys manufacturing industry is located. In addition, Chiles central valley is incredibly fertile and is famous for producing fruits and vegetables for shipment worldwide. Some of these products include grapes, apples, pears, onions, peaches, garlic, asparagus, and beans. Vineyards are also prevalent in this area and Chilean wine is currently growing in global popularity. Land in the southern part of Chile is extensively used for ranching and grazing, while its forests are a source of timber. Northern Chile contains a wealth of minerals, most notable of which are copper and nitrates. More Facts about Chile Chile is never more than 160 miles (258 km) wideChile claims sovereignty to parts of AntarcticaThe prehistoric Monkey Puzzle Tree is Chiles national tree For more information on Chile visit the Geography and Maps of Chile page on this site. References Central Intelligence Agency. (2010, March 4). CIA - the World Factbook Chile. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ci.html Infoplease. (n.d.). Chile: History, Geography, Government, Culture - Infoplease.com. Retrieved from infoplease.com/ipa/A0107407.html United States Department of State. (2009, September). Chile (09/09). Retrieved from state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1981.htm

Saudi Aramco Procurement Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Saudi Aramco Procurement Process - Essay Example The millennium is characterized with information technology as instrument for world wide business expansion, networking and in engaging with business partners for sustainable operations. Information technology also improved communication processes and hastened responses to corporate needs and systematized all operations. For some institutions and companies, this optimized virtual mechanism for complex procedures by thoroughly mainstreaming transactional contract relations. This means that through technology, corporation evolved into certain level of structural sophistication in centralizing internal mechanism and resolving once complex manual procedures, including assertiveness in the interaction of business decision processes. All this are made possible through the development of systematized digitized system of information technology. This essay will attempt to explicate and illustrate how information technology improved procedural procurement engendered organizational readiness in terms of corporate financial and technological resources as well as of its capacity to respond to external pressure due to competition with trading. Transactional relations of contact and procurement are now even done using the internet. It will also attempt to analyze if hard system model befits Saudi Aramco Company’s procurement procedures. Procurement Procedure is a process on how a contract is obtained. It is a mechanism to control the nature, object, expectations, and delivery of outcome based on agreements. It is a universal mechanisms adopted by companies and institutions that are operating in large scale, or in a multi-enterprise level with expensive capital investments but is constantly confronted with concerns on production technologies adaptation, volatile markets and pervasive regulation (Estache & Atsushi (2008). This situation is true with oil and gas extractive industries where there are standards and control mechanism that should be adopted to systematize its operations. This is considered as complexity management. Managing Information System There is a systematic approach used in managing information systems. This approach is technology-focused, process-sensitive, quantitative and qualitative in application and methodical in analysis, procedures, tools and techniques (Dumitrascu, 2006). This is evident in computerized system designed by infotech experts like Cisco. It helped in knowledge management and in systematizing transactions by increasing it company’s corporate virtual realities, although these require persons equipped with knowledge to ensure that the system will be effectively interactive. This means that the person must be knowledgeable too in maximizing digitized information in documentation as well as in technical system optimization to protect it from overload and techie backlog. Complexity management treats all hard structured and soft unstructured problems. Its system is rational, scientific and logical and itâ₠¬â„¢s developed with the assumption that the world is clear out there and can be customized based on our needs (Dumitrascu, 2006). Complexity management can be done using varied diagrams. This can be Spray Diagram, Systems Maps, Influence Diagrams, Multiple-cause diagrams, Sign graphs, and Control Model Diagram. These are explicated as follows: a. Influence Diagram— also known as relevance  analysis or a decision network illustrated graphical and mathematical representation in decision-making. It was developed in 1970s and is now adopted widely and becoming an alternative to  decision tree which typically suffers from  exponential growth  in number of branches with each variable modeled (Detwarasiti and Shachter, 2005 ; Holtzman,1989). ID is practicable for team decision analysis because it allows incomplete sharing of information among team members to be modeled and solved explicitly. The semantic of

Negotiation and Conflict Resolution skills Coursework

Negotiation and Conflict Resolution skills - Coursework Example We inquired our boss about the rumor and she said under no circumstances would be job be given based on preferential treatment. Two weeks later the job was given to cousin of the manager. I was very angry and disappointed because my boss has lied to us. I began to avoid my boss. My contract was up and I refused to sign another contract because I felt uncomfortable working under a person with such low ethical standards. The conflict resolution technique that I used without realizing was avoidance. Avoidance involves pretending the conflict does not exist (Shermerhorn & Hunt & Osborn, 2003). During this course I learned a lot about conflict resolution. Based on my new knowledge and the fact that I have matured lot since then I would have handled the situation differently. A conflict resolution technique that would have improved my relations with my boss was accommodation. People that use accommodation style of conflict resolution value relationship and realize that conflict will only h arm relationships (Sdcoe, 2011). I could not find a way to resolve my issues with my boss. The use of accommodation would have enabled me to communicate the issue with my boss in order to play down our differences to find areas of agreement.

Effects Of The Learning Together Model Education Essay

Effects Of The Learning Together Model Education Essay CHAPTER 1 1.1 Introduction Cooperative language learning has been proclaimed as an effective instructional approach in promoting the cognitive and linguistic development of learners of English as a Second Language (ESL) or English as a Foreign Language (EFL) (Kagan, 1995; Kessler, 1992; McGroarty, 1989, 1993). These researchers, among others, have established the theoretical relevance of cooperative learning (CL) in second language (L2) instruction based on the premise that CL provides maximum opportunities for meaningful input and output in a highly interactive and supportive environment. CL also integrates language and content learning, and its varied applications are in harmony with the pedagogical implications of the input, socialization, and interactive theories of L2 acquisition. This is because CL enhances the motivation and psychosocial adjustment of L2 learners (Cohen, 1994; Dornyei, 1994, 1997). According to Olsen and Kagan (1992), CL increases interaction among learners as they restate, expand, and elaborate their ideas in order to convey and/or clarify intended meaning. This interaction is important because it contributes to gains in L2 acquisition (Long Porter, 1985; Pica, Young, Doughty, 1987) and in academic achievement (Bejarano, 1987; Ghaith Yaghi, 1998; Kagan, 1989). Furthermore, it has been established that CL enables learners to process information beyond the level of receptive understanding by offering redundancy and multiple venues of information access and tasks (Olsen Kagan, 1992; Webb, 1989). Likewise, CL may be especially useful for ESL/EFL learners based on the assumption that it provides a variety of flexible ways for organizing instruction and integrating language and content learning into various discourse and instructional contexts (Olsen, 1989). In addition, CL encourages active participation in genuine conversations and collaborative problem-solving activities in a class climate of personal and academic support. It also empowers learners and provides them with autonomy and control to organize and regulate their own learning (Clifford, 1999; Thomson, 1998) As Cooperative Learning advances into the nations classrooms, the benefits of reading strategies increase greatly. Reading strategies suggested in Diversified Teaching, though strong in themselves, gain more power as we put the steps into the hands of students. For many learners, active participation is the key to mastery. In the past, teachers have done most of the action with students passively observing. Now, after carefully modeling the steps of a strategy, teachers can direct the activities to small groups of students. When students become actively involved in the learning process, the following occur: 1. Motivation increases/boredom decreases 2. Mastery improves for kinesthetic learners 3. Responsibility of learning shifts to the students 1.2 Background of the Research Problem The social and school context of the present study is a bilingual environment where Bahasa Malaysia, the native language, is predominately used in the media and for daily communication and English is taught as second language, valued for their educational and cultural significance. However, ESL instruction in the context of the present study remains competitive in nature and does not provide opportunities for active learning and meaningful communication among learners because learners are expected to perform better than their classmates in order to attain higher grades and achieves the approval and success. There is a need to examine the theoretical relevance and efficacy of cooperative learning as an instructional approach in a bilingual and traditional school context such as this one based on the assumption that it would promote active learning and meaningful interaction in the target language of English among learners. 1.3 Statement of the Problem It has been said that students learn to read by reading and to write by writing. If, in fact, this is true, it is reasonable to assume that students develop feelings of worth by experiencing small daily successes. Success in school, particularly in reading, has a strong impact on students feelings of worth and accomplishment. True reading requires both the ability to break down the code and the ability to understand the meaning intended by the writer. Collaboration is required between left and right brain visual skills in order to be a strong reader. Fortunately, students who are weak in either area can be assisted by using specific strategies Cooperative learning is a philosophical shift from the teacher as primary conveyor of information to teacher as facilitator. Student works together in groups of two to five as they teach one another, problem solve and develop appropriate social skills. Cooperative learning provides a way for students who are weak in academic skills to actively participate in the learning opportunity by contributing their own strengths and by receiving peer assistance. However, research indicates that the strong student who helps the weak one actually benefits more. 1.4 Conceptual Framework This research is to determine the effects of the Learning Together Model of Cooperative Learning on English as a Second Language in Reading Comprehension Achievement and Academic Self-Esteem to improve students scores on reading comprehension tests within a particular primary school setting.  The experimental group of students from the upper primary level is the sample for comparison in the form of quantitative and qualitative instruments. Before and after achievements will be taken into consideration for analysis. During the pre test a specifically design test will be given for the purpose of the present study is administered to all participants 1 week prior to the treatment. This test is based on a reading text and included 12 items that measured participants literal comprehension of ideas directly stated in the passage and higher order comprehension that required inference and interpretation. Finally, the same post test is administered to the participants in the control and experimental groups at the conclusion of the treatment. This test is a domain-referenced test that covered the learning outcomes and competencies targeted during the period of investigation. The post test is based on a selection reading text that is previously read by the participants and included nine multiple-choice, three short answers, and eight sentence-completion items that measured the outcomes and competencies under investigation. Outcomes of the tests, the questionnaires, the feedback on the techniques and observation of the self-esteem of the sample will be taken into consideration for further evaluation. The conceptual framework of this research as below: Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of Research PRETEST CLASS B CLASS A EKSPERIMENTAL GROUP CONTROL GROUP POST- TEST Questionnaires (Self-Esteem) STUDENT STUDENT F M F M RESULT Murid) 1.5 Purpose of the Research The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of the Learning Together Model of Cooperative Learning on English as a Second Language in Reading Comprehension Achievement and Academic Self-Esteem to improve students scores on reading comprehension tests within a particular primary school setting.   ESL learners found reading for information easy in their first language but more difficult in a second or foreign language. Reading comprehension tests caused anxiety and a sense of failure for students who did not have the skills to cope with the tests. Reading in a second language was not easy but taking tests made it even more difficult. 1.5.1 Research Objectives This research intends to find the following objectives: To examine whether the Learning Together CL model more effective than conventional class instruction in promoting the ESL reading comprehension achievement. To examine whether the Learning Together CL model more effective than conventional class in promoting achievement within male and female students. To examine whether the Learning Together CL model more effective than conventional in increasing the interest for the experimental group. To examine whether Conventional Method can increase the students interest among the control group students. 1.5.2 Research Questions Specifically, the study addressed the following questions: a) Is the Learning Together CL model more effective than conventional instruction in promoting the ESL reading achievement? b) Is the Learning Together CL model more effective than conventional in promoting achievement within male and female students? c) Is the Learning Together CL model more effective in increase the interest for the students in experimental group? d) Is Conventional Method can increase the students interest among the control group student? 1.5.3 Hypothesis Null a) There is no significant difference in achievement mean score on post test of students in experimental group compare to students in control group. b) There is no significant difference of achievement score in English Lesson within male and female students who had been taught using Learning Together Model. c) There is no significant difference in interest for the students in experimental group using the Learning Together Model. d) There is no significant mean score in English Reading Comprehension Test in Interest for the Control Group Students Using Conventional Method. 1.6 Significance of the Research Its clear that reading comprehension is a complex cognitive process that depends upon a number of ingredients all working together in a synchronous, even automatic way. Vocabulary clearly plays a critical role in understanding what has been read. The reader must also be intentional and thoughtful while reading, monitoring the words and their meaning as reading progresses. And the reader must apply reading comprehension strategies as ways to be sure that what is being read matches their expectations and builds on their growing body of knowledge that is being stored for immediate or future reference. . In conventional classrooms, ESL students receive less teacher and peer communication and communication at a lower linguistic and cognitive level than in cooperative learning classrooms. One of the main advantages of group work for second language learners is that it offers students the chance to hear more language and more complex language during interaction. In discussion with others, students may hear more complex language from their peers than from the teacher in conventional class discussion. Consequently, at least some of the input will be at an appropriate level. In one study, students participating in group-based investigation made more high-level cognitive gains than those who took part in peer-tutoring or whole-class methods (Holt, 1993). Most observational research indicates that the speaker is the teacher 60 to 70 % of the time during teacher-centered interaction. In comparison, in cooperative learning, one fourth to one half of the students can speak at any given time, depending on whether pair work or group work is being used (McGroarty, 1993). This is important to language learning because it give students more opportunities to practice using language skills. In addition to increasing the number of opportunities available for verbal expression, cooperative learning methods promote use of a wide range of communicative functions. This is important to language learning to expose students to a variety of language skills. Through teacher modeling and pre teaching exercises, students are given specific instructions in such skills as paraphrasing the ideas of others, asking for explanations, summarizing, clarifying, indicating agreement or disagreement, and interrupting politely, all verbal skills, which are beneficial to the language acquisition process. 1.7 Limitations of the Research Some problems which may arose when research is conducted. They are: The outcomes may only cover the sample and may not necessarily be concluded all the groups in the general. However, samples with similarities of culture, background and also environmental factors may result in similarities of outcomes and problems. Differences in approaches and styles of the teachers, the interest of the students, the studying environment and other factors also need to be addressed in order to have more valid and reliable results. Reading techniques are focused on the reading comprehension and could not be generalized for other aspects of the language. 1.8 Definition of Terms Definition of Reading True reading requires both the ability to break down the code and the ability to understand the meaning intended by the writer. Collaboration is required between left and right brain visual skills in order to be a strong reader. Fortunately, students who are weak in either area can be assisted by using specific strategies. Reading Comprehension   Ã‚   Its clear that reading comprehension is a complex cognitive process that depends upon a number of ingredients all working together in a synchronous, even automatic way. Vocabulary clearly plays a critical role in understanding what has been read. The reader must also be intentional and thoughtful while reading, monitoring the words and their meaning as reading progresses. And the reader must apply reading comprehension strategies as ways to be sure that what is being read matches their expectations and builds on their growing body of knowledge that is being stored for immediate or future reference. Definition of Cooperative Learning Cooperative learning is a philosophical shift from the teacher as primary conveyor of information to teacher as facilitator. Student works together in groups of two to five as they teach one another, problem solve and develop appropriate social skills. Cooperative learning provides a way for students who are weak in academic skills to actively participate in the learning opportunity by contributing their own strengths and by receiving peer assistance. However, research indicates that the strong student who helps the weak one actually benefits more. 1.9 Summary The research is an attempt to investigate the effects of the Learning Together Model of Cooperative Learning on English as a Second Language in Reading Comprehension Achievement and Academic Self-Esteem. Reading comprehension is a complex cognitive process that depends upon a number of ingredients all working together in a synchronous, even automatic way. Vocabulary clearly plays a critical role in understanding what has been read. The reader must also be intentional and thoughtful while reading, monitoring the words and their meaning as reading progresses. Cooperative Learning advances into the nations classrooms, the benefits of reading strategies increase greatly. Reading strategies suggested in Diversified Teaching, though strong in themselves, gain more power as we put the steps into the hands of students. Effects of the Learning Together Model of Cooperative Learning on English as a Second Language in Reading Comprehension Achievement and Academic Self-Esteem CHAPTER 2 Literature Review: 2.1 Introduction : Cooperative Learning(CL) Currently, CL is perceived as a generic term for a number of instructional techniques and procedures that address conceptual learning and social development. It encompasses the following instructional models: the Structural Approach (Kagan, 1989), Group Investigation (Sharan Sharan, 1992), Student Team Learning (Aronson, Blaney, Stephan, Sikes, Snapp, 1978; Slavin, 1995), Curriculum Packages (Slavin, Leavey, Madden, 1986), and Learning Together (Johnson, Johnson, Holubec, 1991, 1992, 1994). The Structural Approach is based on using content-free ways of managing classroom interaction called structures. Structures are relatively easy to implement and can be categorized into team and class building, communication, mastery, and critical thinking structures. One example of a structure is Numbered Heads Together. Kagan (1989) describes the procedure of Numbered Heads Together as follows: Step 1: Students number off within teams. Step 2: The teacher asks a high consensus question. Step 3: Students put their heads together to make sure everyone on the team knows the answer. Step 4: The teacher calls a number at random, and students with that number raise their hands to be called upon to answer the question and earn points for their teams. Group Investigation divides work among team members, who complete specific tasks and then reconvene to prepare a group presentation. Student Team Learning includes the Jigsaw method and its variations and the Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) method. The Jigsaw method has five major components: reading, expert group discussion, team report, testing, and team recognition. Meanwhile, STAD is organized around the components of teacher presentation, team study, individual quizzes, individual improvement scoring, and team recognition. The main difference between Jigsaw and STAD is that Jigsaw is well suited for teaching material in a narrative form such as a story or chapter, whereas STAD is useful in teaching materials that require single correct answers such as language rules and mechanics. Curriculum Packages are specific programs for teaching math and language and include the Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition program. The Learning Together model organizes instruction according to the principles of positive interdependence, individual accountability, promotive face-to-face interaction, social and collaborative skills, and group processing. Specifically, positive interdependence means that the success of students is linked with the success of their team members and may be structured through mutual goals, joint rewards, shared resources, complementary roles, and a common team identity. Individual accountability means that the performance of each member is assessed and results are given to the team and the individual so that team members cannot get a free ride on the efforts of their teammates. Yet, team members still help, share, encourage, and support each others efforts to succeed through promotive interaction within their groups. Furthermore, they use and develop their interpersonal and small-group skills of leadership, decision making, trust building, and conflict management. Finally, the team members perform group processing to reflect how well the team is functioning and how its effectiveness may be improved. As such, the main difference between the Learning Together and other CL models is that this model is less discrete and less prescriptive than the Structural and the Student Team Learning models that employ specific steps in lesson planning and some what prepackaged curricula, lessons, and strategies in a prescribed manner (Johnson Johnson, 1998, p. 226). Rather, the Learning Together model provides a conceptual framework for teachers to plan and tailor cooperative learning instruction according to their circumstances, student needs, and school contexts. (For fu rther description of the various CL models, see Kluge, McGuire, Johnson, Johnson, 1999.) 2.2 Review of Previous Studies Previous research involving students who spoke English as a first language and who learned content in English has suggested that CL may encourage higher self-esteem and lower feelings of alienation at school (Johnson, 1979). For instance, Norem-Hebeisen and Johnson (1981) reported that self-esteem was positively related with cooperative relationships among 821 White, middle-class secondary school students in a mid western suburban American community. These researchers further reported that competitive and individualistic patterns of social interdependence reflected lower self-esteem and greater concerns regarding success and social approval. However, Johnson, Johnson, Scott, and Ramolae (1985) found no significant differences between the Learning Together CL model and individualistic and competitive forms of instruction in improving the self-esteem of 154 fifth- and sixth-grade students of science in suburban Minnesota. Along similar lines, Oickle (1980) studied the effects of team reward and individual reward structures on the English achievement and self-esteem of 1,031 students from diverse communities enrolled in four American middle schools. This researcher reported positive effects in favor of the team reward structure in promoting achievement in the four schools and in improving self-esteem in only one of the schools. Similarly, Madden and Slavin (1983), who studied the development of self-esteem among regular and special needs elementary school children in Baltimore, Maryland, reported greater general self-esteem effects for STAD but no differences in academic and social self-esteem between STAD and the control group. Conversely, Allen and Van Sickle (1984) reported no differences between STAD and the control group in improving the general self-esteem of 51 ninth-grade students after 6 weeks of experimentation in rural Georgia. Finally, while some researchers found that the Jigsaw method had positive effects in improving students general self-esteem (e.g., Blaney, Stephan, Rosenfield, Aronson, Sikes, 1977), Gonzales (1979) reported no such effects. In the context of ESL/EFL, previous research suggests that CL promotes positive attitudes among learners (Gunderson Johnson, 1980), intrinsic motivation and satisfaction (Clement, Dornyei, Noels, 1994; Szostek, 1994; Ushioda, 1996), and active pursuit of group goals (Nichols Miller, 1994). It also leads to gains in social support for academic excellence (Daniels, 1994), expectancy of successful task fulfillment (Douglas, 1983), and increased self-confidence and less anxiety (Deci Ryan, 1985). More recently, Ghaith and Yaghi (1998) reported that the STAD method is more effective than individualistic instruction in improving the acquisition of L2 rules and mechanics. Likewise, Calderon, Hertz-Lazarowitz, and Slavin (1998) reported that a bilingual Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition intervention improved third-grade achievement during transition from Spanish to English in comparison with control classes that used traditional textbook reading methods. Similarly, Bejarano, Levine, Olshtain, and Steiner (1997) reported that small-group cooperative practice of modified interaction and social interaction strategies improve EFL learners communicative competence. In like manner, Thomson (1998), in her study of a group of third-year Australian university students in a Japanese language class, found that cooperation among teachers and students increased interaction opportunities among learners and promoted autonomous learning. Finally, Ghaith (2002) reported that the Learning Together CL model positively correlates with a supportive L2 climate and with learners perceptions of fairness of grading and academic achievement. The aforementioned studies underscore the value and potential of CL in the L2 classroom. However, there is still a need to investigate the efficacy of various CL models in promoting gains in the cognitive and non-cognitive domains of ESL/EFL instruction across different languages and cultures. 2.3 Summary Consequently, the present study set out to investigate the effects of the Learning Together CL model on the achievement, academic self-esteem, and feelings of alienation among ESL learners studying in a situation characterized by competitive schooling and limited opportunities for meaningful social interaction in English, the target language. Effects of the Learning Together Model of Cooperative Learning on English as a Second Language in Reading Comprehension Achievement and Academic Self-Esteem CHAPTER 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Study Design The study employed a pre test-post test control group design and focused on the variables of academic self-esteem and alienation from school as well as achievement based on the proposition that interacting positively with other people to achieve common goals tends to increase academic self-esteem and to decrease school alienation (Johnson, Johnson, Stanne, 2000). Academic self-esteem and psychosocial adjustment at school are of critical importance because they enable learners to withstand the disappointments of life, be confident decision makers, and ultimately be happy and productive individuals (Slavin, 1995). Likewise, the Learning Together CL model was selected as the form of intervention in the present study because it encompasses all the CL elements of heterogeneous grouping, positive interdependence, individual accountability, social and collaborative skills, and group processing. Furthermore, there is at present a need to examine the efficacy of this model in The context of teaching ESL in general, and in the context of the present study in particular, due to the scarcity of previous research. 3.2 Populations and Sample Participants in the study are 60 upper primary students from a primary school in Kulim. The learners are from families with low to medium socioeconomic and educational backgrounds enrolled in the primary school in Kulim. There are 34 males and 26 females, and their ages ranged from 11 to 12 years. The participants will be selected from the primary school and will be randomly assigned to control and experimental groups; the study will last for 10 weeks. The experimental group included 30 participants who will study together in seven teams of four members each according to the dynamics of the Learning Together CL model as described in the Study section. Meanwhile, the 30 participants in the control group will study the same material according to procedures in their textbooks. FIGURE 2: Populations and Sample Male Female Experimental Group 16 14 Control Group 18 12 3.3 Research Instruments Academic self-esteem was defined in the context of the present study as the self perception of one as being a capable, competent, and successful student (Johnson Johnson, 1996, p. 67) and measured by a five-item Likert subscale adapted from Johnson and Johnson (1996). Likewise, an eleven-item Likert subscale also adapted from measured school alienation Johnson and Johnson (1996) In addition, an achievement pre test specifically designed for the purpose of the present study is administered to all participants 1 week prior to the treatment. This test is based on a reading text and included 12 items that measured participants literal comprehension of ideas directly stated in the passage and higher order comprehension that required inference and interpretation. Finally, the same post test is administered to the participants in the control and experimental groups at the conclusion of the treatment. This test is a domain-referenced test that covered the learning outcomes and competencies targeted during the period of investigation. These outcomes and competencies included utilizing context Clues (syntactic and semantic) and using reading strategies such as previewing, skimming, and scanning to achieve literal and higher order comprehension of printed discourse. The post test is based on a selection reading text that is previously read by the participants and included nine multiple-choice, three short-answers, and eight sentence-completion items that measured the outcomes and competencies under investigation. The content validity of the test was established by the researcher, the program coordinator, and the teacher who implemented the study, using a specification table as suggested by Sax (1980). Consequently, it is determined that four items measured literal comprehension, eleven items measured higher order skills, and five items measured the use of context clues to aid comprehension. 3.4 Procedure for Data Collection The study consisted of two phases. The first phase involve a teacher who agreed to participate in the study by applying the elements of the Learning Together CL model (heterogeneous grouping, positive interdependence, individual accountability, social skills, group processing) in her teaching of ESL. This phase focused on specifying academic and collaborative skills objectives, dividing students into groups, arranging the room, assigning roles, and planning materials. Furthermore, the participating teacher will receive training in explaining academic tasks, structuring positive goal interdependence, individual accountability, and intergroup cooperation. The teacher will also learn how to specify and monitor learners desired behaviors and enable students to process and evaluate how the group functioned. The purpose of this first phase was to maximize experiment fidelity through careful training of the teacher-experimenter who would implement the second phase of the study. The second phase of implementation involved working with the program coordinator and the teacher who agreed to participate in the study in order to determine the content and learning outcomes and competencies to be achieved during the period of investigation. In addition, detailed lesson plans were designed in order to teach the same content and skills to the experimental and control groups. The lesson plans for the experimental group were based on a checklist of teachers roles and lesson templates designed by Johnson, Johnson, and Holubec (1987) . Specifically, the plans included lesson summaries, instructional objectives, and a list of materials needed as well as specifications of time required, group size, assignment to groups and roles, and arranging the room. The lesson plans also included an explanation of tasks, procedures to structure positive interdependence and individual accountability, and criteria for success. In addition, the plans specified the social skills and expected behaviors, and included procedures for group monitoring and processing to see how well the group functions. Meanwhile, the lesson plans for the control group focused on reading the same material according to the instructional procedures (activities) suggested in their textbook. These procedures were organized into three stages of lesson planning: opening, instruction and participation, and closure. These stages provided opportunities for working on various language objectives in the written and oral domains in an integrated matter, using a wide variety of instructional techniques such as whole-class brainstorming, discussion, question and answer, comprehension checks, crossword puzzles, and graphic organizers. Both the experimental and control group lesson plans addressed the same instructional objectives and will be based on the same reading selections and exercises. However, the experimental plans provided opportunities for small-group interaction and for sharing resources among team members. There was also an emphasis on social and collaborative skills and on developing team spirit and collegiality. Conversely, students in the control group worked individually and shared their answers with the class. As previously noted, one of the teachers who had received training in Phase 1 of the study had agreed to participate in Phase 2. In order to avoid any potential bias in the implementa

Ideologically Correct Science Essay

The book â€Å"Science and Ideology: A Comparative History† by Mark Walker seeks to give a comparative history of ideology and science in the 20th century. Chapter 3, â€Å"Ideologically Correct Science,† is considered to be one of the strongest chapters of the work. Conventionally, scholars have taken the cases of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union as typical examples in studying the relationship between ideology and science. However, in Chapter 3 of the book, Gordin, Grunden, Walker, and Wang expand conventional analysis to include the cases of France, Japan, the United States, and China. The purpose is to arrive at an examination of how science functioned in different countries under different ideological regimes. â€Å"Ideologically correct science† is defined as the â€Å"attempts by the state (or at least some representatives of, or forces within the state) to not only use science, but also transform it into a more ideologically accepted form, both with regard to scientific content and institutions† (Gordin, 2003, p. 35). Science is studied in relation to ideology because it is generally assumed that science is influenced by the political environment. However, how this relationship takes place in specific circumstances is not clearly known (Gordin, 2003). Some examples cited by Gordin et al. that demonstrate the call for an ideologically correct science under different types of regime include the Jacobins indicating the need for a democratic and not aristocratic science in the French Revolution, The Bolsheviks calling for a Marxist and not a bourgeoisie science in the Soviet Union, and the Red Guards highlighting a people’s science during Mao’s Cultural Revolution, to name a few (Gordin, 2003). Gordin et al. proceed to cite different cases that demonstrate the interplay of science and ideology. They examine the state of science amid political and social upheavals in France, Japan, Soviet Union, the United States, and China. The different examples clearly have similarities and differences, and several conclusions were made. First, science is not determined by ideology, nor is it entirely not influenced by ideology. Second, there is no regime that has attempted to invariably enforce on its scientists an ideologically correct science. A part of the regime or certain individuals might have attempted to do so, but they do not represent the entirety of the political system. Furthermore, there are certainly other reasons for the attempt apart from the goal to enforce an ideologically correct science. Third, not one ideology, not even democracy, was successful in imposing its ideological standards to its scientists. According to Gordin et al. communist governments might appear to have been more imposing, but in fact, they were even more flexible and practical at times (Gordin, 2003). Evidently, there are similarities and differences in the relationship between science and ideology in the examined cases, but bottom line is, no political system has shown itself to be better or worse at harnessing science. This is because scientists frequently respond to the pressures they face from the government by sim ply cooperating with the regime instead of resisting or attempting to transform it. In summary, Gordin et al. ’s â€Å"Ideologically Correct Science† in Walker’s â€Å"Science and Ideology: A Comparative History† presents a relevant examination of science and ideology as earlier works mostly focused on Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union only. The analysis, although sacrificing depth over breadth, gives an expanded view through the use of different cases and regimes where the relationship can be more closely examined. Second, the careful analysis helps us arrive at a thorough understanding of the issue. While we assume that science should generally be uninfluenced by any factor, more so by political and ideological ones, it is certain that we agree, to some extent, that it is influenced and shaped by ideology through the imposition of its standards and requirements. The essay of Gordin et al. helped clarify that the relationship between the two is not simplistic as it seems. In fact, their interaction can best be described as complex and subtle. Finally, the essay is well organized as it gives a brief introduction of the topic before citing the individual cases and finally presenting the conclusions of the work. Overall, it is a must-read for individuals interested in the relationship between ideology and science in the 20th century, particularly on how science is shaped under different ideologies in different countries.

Mla Format Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone

Mla Format Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone All About Mla Format Essay Samples The cost of an essay is dependent upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. Apart from that, additionally, it allows the academic writer to present his research findings in a particular fashion of writing which is suitable for that type of writing. Matt was great throughout the entire procedure. In instances whenever there isn't any author, the references have to be listed alphabetically by their titles. If you are feeling unconfident, think about addressing a customized essay writing service for expert assistance. About the search website, you will see an in depth details on the many project types. There are far more work expertise letter templates that you'll locate online. If you use this fashion of writing correctly, it will assist in building your credibility. Therefore, you're currently in a situation to compose a right character reference letter to find unique purposes. 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